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 Code of Recommendations and Minimum Standards for the Sale of Companion Animals

Animal Welfare Advisory Committee
c/- Ministry of Agriculture
PO Box 2526
Wellington

Code of Animal Welfare No. 11
ISBN 0-478-07338-0
ISSN 1171-090X
September 1994

• Preface
• 1. Introduction
• 2. Legal Responsibilities
• 3. Responsibilities of a Vendor
• 4. Environment and Facilities
• 5. Staff
• 6. Health Care
• 7. Euthanasia
• 8. Hygiene
• 9. Sale of Animals
• 10. Transport
• 11. Specific Needs for Individual Species
• 12. Minimum Standards

Preface

The codes of recommendations and minimum standards for the welfare of animals have been prepared by the Animal Welfare Advisory Committee (AWAC), which was established in 1989 by the then Minister of Agriculture to advise him on matters concerning animal welfare.

AWAC consists of members from the following backgrounds: the farming community, animal welfare groups, the veterinary profession, animal behaviour and the Ministry of Agriculture and Fisheries. It also includes the chairman of the National Animal Ethics Advisory Committee and an independent chairman.

Extensive consultation takes place with industry and other interested groups in the development of codes.

This Code of Recommendations and Minimum Standards for the Sale of Companion Animals was endorsed as a national code at the committee meeting held on 11 August 1994.

1. Introduction

Animal welfare considerations are becoming increasingly important for the keeping and farming of animals, both in New Zealand and internationally. Practices which once may have been deemed acceptable are now being reassessed and modified according to new knowledge and changing attitudes. High standards in animal welfare are not only a legal requirement but also have direct economic benefits and ensure international market access for our animal products.

Without good animal management, animal welfare can never be adequately protected. This code is intended to encourage all those responsible for its implementation, and especially the inexperienced, to adopt the highest standards of animal care.

The code takes account of five basic requirements:

• freedom from thirst, hunger and malnutrition,
• provision of appropriate comfort and shelter,
• prevention or rapid diagnosis and treatment of injury, disease or infestation with parasites,
• freedom from distress,
• ability to display normal patterns of behaviour.

2. Legal Responsibilities

It is an offence under the Animals Protection Act 1960 to cause unnecessary pain or unnecessary distress to an animal. The breach of a code provision, whilst not an offence in itself, can nevertheless be used in evidence as tending to establish the guilt of anyone accused of causing suffering under the Act.

Specifically, the Act indicates that an offence is committed if anyone:

• cruelly ill-treats any animal,
• fails to supply it with proper food and water sufficient to maintain the liveweight of the animal within the normal physiological range for its species, type, age, and sex,
• being the owner or person in charge of any animal, without reasonable excuse neglects the animal so that it suffers unreasonable or unnecessary pain, suffering or distress,
• slaughters, brands, mutilates, confines, conveys or carries any animal in such a manner or position as to cause unnecessary pain or suffering,
• keeps alive any animal which is in such a condition that it is cruel to keep it alive,
• sells, attempts to sell, or offers or exposes for sale, otherwise than for slaughter, any animal which is in such a condition that it is cruel to keep it alive,
• being the owner or person in charge of any animal, not being a bird, wilfully abandons it.

3. Responsibilities of a Vendor

A vendor of companion animals is required to:

• provide accommodation and equipment which suit the physical and behaviourial requirements of the animals held,
• provide any necessary protection for the animals from adverse natural or artificial conditions, other animals and interference from humans,
• provide enough space for animals to stand, move around freely, stretch fully, rest, swim or fly, depending on the species,
• provide enough appropriate feed and water to maintain good health,
• protect animals from disease, distress and injury,
• provide prompt veterinary or other appropriate treatment in cases of disease or injury, where necessary,
• maintain hygiene of the premises and health of the animals held,
• supervise daily feeding, watering and inspection of the animals to ensure their welfare,
• supervise the staff, whether they are working full or part-time, and whether they are working for a fee or reward,
• provide a continuation of care for all animals during non-trading hours.

4. Environment and Facilities

4.1

Companion animals housing must have adequate, draught-free ventilation to prevent the build up of ammonia, moisture, heat and dust.

Make sure that any cages near doors and windows are protected from draughts.

4.2

The environment whould be maintained at a temperature which minimises stress, with heating provided for very young animals if necessary. During winter in the colder parts of New Zealand, heating must be provided and the environment maintained at a suitable temperature to prevent the animals being chilled. Additional bedding will also help.

The monitoring of temperature and ventilation must continue during non-trading hours.

4.3

Animals must not be exposed to direct sunlight, such as in a shop window, unless adequate shade and ventilation are provided. If the animals are showing any signs of stress, they must be immediately removed.

Any lighting provided should be as close as possible in duration and intensity to natural conditions. At night, diffuse light should be provided.

Care must be taken to ensure that the lights do not generate heat.

4.4

Animals must be protected against stress or injury caused by other animals, and from excessive handling or interference by customers.

4.5

Animals which have a tendency to bite should be shielded from the public. Suitable warning notices must be displayed.

4.6

Animal enclosures must be designed to permit regular cleaning, inspection of the animals and monitoring of food and water.

The internal surfaces of enclosures with which animals come in contact must be constructed of impervious, solid washable materials. Joints and corners should be properly sealed.

All internal surfaces should be smooth sided and must be free from projections which may cause injury to animals.

4.7

All electrical equipment should be checked regularly and maintained in good working order.

4.8

It is recommended that the premises be equipped with smoke detectors, sprinklers and appropriate fire fighting equipment. Provision should be made for the easy access to the animals for their swift evacuation in cases of emergency. It is recommended that cages should not be locked.

5. Staff

5.1

All vendors and their staff should be aware of their responsibilities towards animals and be competent to carry them out.

5.2

It is the vendor\'s responsibility to ensure that staff are knowledgeable about all species in their charge.

6. Health Care

6.1

All vendors should be familiar with the signs of diseases that are common in the species of animals held.

6.2

Care should be taken when mixing newly acquired animals with existing stock, with respect to compatibility and disease.

6.3

All animals offered for sale must be free from disease and abnormalities.

All animals should be checked for external and internal parasites and treat accordingly.

All puppies and kittens should be treated for internal parasites prior to sale.

6.4

When signs of disease or injury are observed, prompt appropriate treatment must be provided to protect the health of individual animals and prevent the spread of disease.

Sick animals must be removed from their cage and isolated from the other animals. Veterinary attention may be required.

If appropriate, veterinary attention should be sought when signs of illness are present.

6.5

Animals which die should be disposed of immediately, except where it is necessary to seek veterinary opinion as to the cause of death.

7. Euthanasia

7.1

Where treatment to restore health or repair injury is not possible, practicable or successful, animals must be humanely destroyed.

7.2

Veterinary advice should be sought before euthanasia is performed.

7.3

Euthanasia of dogs and cats should be performed only be veterinarians.

For other species, a veterinary surgeon should be contacted for advice on the most humane method of euthanasia.

8. Hygiene

8.1

Animal enclosures, their surrounds and any enclosed equipment must be kept clean so that the animals can remain comfortable and free of disease.

8.2

All animal enclosures, other than aquaria, should be cleaned and treated with effective and appropriate disinfectants at least once a week (or more frequently as recommended in Section 11).

Cleaning materials and disinfectants should be chosen for their suitability, safety and effectiveness. They should only be used in accordance with the manufacturer\'s instructions.

8.3

Only clean and dry bedding should be used. All cages must be dry before new bedding is added.

Check bedding for external parasites. If any are found, treat the area with a suitable parasiticide.

Bedding made of fabric must be washed regularly and disinfected as necessary.

8.4

Cat litter used with cats, kittens and sometimes rabbits must be changed as necessary.

The container must be disinfected between litter changes and only clean fresh litter should be used.

8.5

Washing facilities should be provided for personal hygiene to prevent the transfer of disease.

8.6

Fly and insect control is important to lower any disease risk.

Commercial electric (ultra violet) fly killers can be useful in certain circumstances if positioned correctly. If fly spray is used, it must never be sprayed around uncovered food and never in the vicinity of animals.

9. Sale of Animals

9.1

All animals offered for sale must be weaned and fully self sufficient. The minimum ages of animals offered for sale should be:

dogs	8 weeks
cats	6 weeks
rabbits	5 weeks
guinea pigs	2 weeks
rats	3 weeks
mice	3 weeks

9.2

The purchaser should be given printed advice about the animal, including information on:

• general care, housing and management requirements,
• appropriate diet,
• legal responsibilities of animal ownership,
• vaccination, desexing and registration, where applicable.

9.3

When animals are sold, unless the purchaser has a carry box or similar, it is the vendor\'s responsibility to ensure the animal is properly contained for removal from the premises.

10. Transport

10.1

Because transport causes stress to animals it should be minimised.

10.2

Transport should be in accordance with IATA guidelines.

10.3

Those sending and receiving the animal or animals should confirm departure and arrival times with the carrier. In the event of delays or cancellations it the carrier must ensure the welfare of animals in transit.

10.4

All animals sold should be boxed or otherwise suitably restrained to keep them secure and safe when handed or sent to the customer.

Containers should be strong enough to withstand stacking and general handling, but still provide adequate ventilation and light.

Containers in which animals are carried on behalf of their owner must be clearly labelled with the time and date of departure, the names, addresses and telephone numbers of the consignor and consignee.

10.5

Food and water must be provided during long journeys.

10.6

For the transport of fish, suitable plastic bags should be available. On long journeys oxygen should be provided and suitable insulation for tropical fish.

11. Specific Needs for Individual Species

11.1 Birds

11.1.1 Managers and those in charge of birds must be conversant with the compatibility of species to minimise stress and prevent injury.

11.1.2 Cages should be made in such a way as to avoid unnecessary stress or injury, and must be large enough so birds can fully extend and flap both wings simultaneously.

11.1.3 Clean, fresh water and appropriate food must be provided daily and must be accessible to the birds at all times.

11.1.4 Cage floors should be covered with a suitable disposable material such as sand, untreated sawdust or newspaper, which can be readily and regularly removed.

11.1.5 It is recommended that a hospital cage be provided for the isolation and treatment of sick or injured birds.

11.1.6 Signs of illness which warrant attention include:

• changes in appearance, ie ruffled feathers, tail pumping,
• changes in appearance of droppings,
• changes in water consumption,
• changes in weight,
• enlargements or swellings,
• vomiting, injury or bleeding,
• discharges from nostrils, eyes and beak,
• lameness or sores on feet,
• stains or scab around the feet, eyes or nostrils.

11.2 Fish

11.2.1 Fish are one of the most popular pets stocked and sold in pet shops. There are many varieties of fish, all with special needs.

11.2.2 Managers and those in charge of fish must be conversant with the compatibility of difference species to minimise stress.

The feeding of fish must be carefully monitored to prevent tank fouling and mortality.

11.2.3 Filtration, lighting and heating equipment should be checked regularly.

11.2.4 Tanks should be sheltered from direct sunlight to prevent excess algal growth and temperature fluctuation.

Tank lights should be turned of at the close of trade.

11.2.5 The chemical composition of the water should be checked and monitored regularly.

Depending on stocking levels and varieties of fish held, water changes should be carried out at least fortnightly, with a 10 - 30% change,

Shipping water must not be added to aquaria. Fish must be netted from bag to tank. This will minimise the transfer of bacteria and parasites.

To prevent the possible spread of disease, all nets should be held in a sterilising solution,

11.2.6 Diseased fish should be treated with an appropriate medicant and sales from that tank restricted until all signs of illness have gone.

Signs of disease which warrant attention include:

• any abnormality or change of behaviour,
• changes in normal swimming pattern,
• sinking to the bottom of the tank,
• scraping on tank bottom or on rocks,
• clamped fins,
• swollen eyes,
• heavy or rapid breathing,
• patchy coloration,
• white spots,
• fungal patches,
• frayedfins and tail.

11.3 Rabbits, Rats, Mice and Guinea Pigs

11.3.1 Cages and pens must be constructed in such a way as to securely house the animals.

11.3.2 Cleaning and disinfection of the cages should be carried out as necessary.

11.3.3 Suitable non-toxic bedding must be provided and changed as necessary.

11.3.4 Pelleted diets, supplemented by greens, should be given.

Gnawing blocks should be provided.

Water must be constantly available and supplied from a suitable container.

11.3.5 Sexually active animals should be kept in separate male and female areas.

Nest boxes should be provided for breeding females.

Litters under 1 week of age should be disturbed as little as possible.

11.3.6 Important - Rabbits

Under the Agricultural Pests Destruction Act 1967, it is illegal to keep any rabbits except those of specified breeds or their crossbreeds.

Moreover, rabbits must be kept in such a way that they are securely housed or restrained to prevent their escape and they must not be allowed to range freely or graze pasture.

11.4 Dogs and Cats

11.4.1 Unweaned puppies and kittens shall not be offered for sale.

11.4.2 Animal housing areas, whether for single or group housing, must provide at least enough space for each animal held to feed, sleep, sit stand, lie with limbs fully extended, stretch and move about.

11.4.3 Cage floors should be lined with a readily removable, absorbent disposable material (such as newspaper) which should be replaced as it becomes soiled.

11.4.4 Cages should be cleaned and disinfected with a broad spectrum disinfectant daily.

11.4.5 Clean water must always be available.

11.4.6 Kittens and puppies must have at least three meals a day of good quality food.

11.4.7 Provision must be made for exercise.

Exercise can be provided by:

• puppies and dogs access to an exercise are for at least 15 minutes daily; and/or
• dogs (which have been fully vaccinated) on a lead for at least 15 minutes twice daily.

11.4.8 Young kittens and puppies are extremely susceptible to diseases, especially:

Dogs: distemper, parvovirus, kennel cough and leptospirosis,

Cats: feline infectious enteritis and feline respiratory diseases.

Animals should be vaccinated prior to sale.

11.4.9 Signs of illness which may warrant veterinary attention are:

• nasal discharge,
• inflamed eyes and discharge,
• sneezing and/or coughing,
• vomiting,
• severe diarrhoea, especially if bloodstained,
• lameness
• inability to stand, walk or urinate or defecate,
• loss of appetite,
• weight loss
• apparent pain,
• fits or staggering,
• patchy or excessive hair loss,
• depressionand lethargy,
• shaking of head and rubbing of ears,
• excessive scratching,
• changes in the ususal pattern of breathing,
• abnormal head and eye movements,
• increased drinking.

11.5 Turtles

11.5.1 Turtles are becoming more popular as a pet in New Zealand and they have special needs.

11.5.2 Turtles must have a heated tank between 24°C and 28°C.

11.5.3 Turtles can drown, so rocks or platforms must be provided. The water level should be shallow.

11.5.4 It is recommended that a broad spectrum fluorescent light be used.

11.5.5 Water filtration should be provided to prevent build-up of wastes.

11.5.6 Turtles are carnivores, so they should be fed an appropriate diet. Live foods are beneficial and a good quality vitamin and mineral supplement is essential. Calcium must be fed to prevent the shell softening

11.5.7 Signs of illness which may warrant attention are:

• changes in colour and consistency in the shell,
• swollen eyes,
• discharges from nostrils or eyes,
• fungal infections.

12. Minimum Standards

The vendor or proprietor must:

12.1

Provide accommodation and equipment which suit the physical and behavioral requirements of the animals held.

12.1.1 Animal housing areas, whether for single or group housing, must provide at least enough space for each animal held to feed, sleep, sit, stand, lie with limbs fully extended, stretch and move about.

12.1.2 Bird cages must be large enough so birds can fully extend and flap both wings simultaneously.

12.1.3 Suitable non-toxic bedding must be provided and changed as necessary.

12.1.4 Turtles must have a heated tank between 24°C and 28°C.

12.1.5 Turtles can drown therefore rocks or platforms must be provided. Water level must be shallow.

12.2

Provide protection for animals as necessary from adverse natural or artificial conditions, other animals and interference from humans.

12.2.1 During winter in the colder parts of New Zealand, heating must be provided and maintained at a suitable temperature to prevent animals being chilled.

12.2.2 Companion animals housing must have adequate, draught-free ventilation to prevent the build up of ammonia, moisture, heat and dust.

12.2.3 Animals must not be exposed to direct sunlight, such as in a shop window, unless adequate shade and ventilation are provided. If the animals are showing any signs of stress, they must be immediately removed.

12.2.4 Lighting in or near cages must not generate heat, unless specifically intended to do so.

12.2.5 Internal surfaces must be free from projections which may cause injury to animals.

12.3

Provide enough appropriate feed and water to maintain good health.

12.3.1 Clean and fresh water must always be available and supplied in a suitable container.

12.3.2 Birds must have appropriate food provided daily and must be accessible to the birds at all times.

12.3.3 The feeding of fish must be carefully monitored to prevent tank fouling and mortality.

12.3.4 Puppies and kittens must have at least three meals of good quality food per day.

12.3.5 When animals are in transit, food and water must be provided during long journeys.

12.4

Protect animals from disease, distress and injury.

12.4.1 Managers and those in charge of birds and fish must be conversant with the compatibility of species to minimise stress and prevent injury.

12.4.2 All animals offered for sale must be weaned and fully self sufficient.

12.4.3 Cages and pens must be constructed in such a way as to securely house the animals.

12.4.4 Provision must be made for exercise.

12.4.5 Shipping water must not be added to aquaria. Fish must be netted from bag to tank. This will minimise the transfer of bacteria and parasites.

12.4.6 Turtles must be fed calcium to prevent shell hardening.

12.5

Provide prompt veterinary or other appropriate treatment in cases of disease or injury, where necessary.

12.5.1 All animals offered for sale must be free from disease and abnormalities.

12.5.2 When signs of disease or injury are observed, prompt appropriate treatment must be provided to protect the health of individual animals and prevent the spread of disease.

12.5.3 Sick animals must removed from their cage and isolated from the other animals. Veterinary attention may be required.

12.5.3 Where treatment to restore health or repair injury is not possible, practicable or successful, animals must be humanely destroyed.

12.5.4 Euthanasia of dogs and cats must be performed only by a veterinary surgeon.

12.6

Maintain hygiene of the premises and health of the animals held.

12.6.1 Animal enclosures must be designed to permit regular cleaning, inspection of the animals and monitoring of food and water.

12.6.2 The internal surfaces of enclosures with which animals come in contact must be constructed of impervious, solid washable materials. Joints and corners should be properly sealed.

12.6.3 Animal enclosures, their surrounds and any enclosed equipment must be kept clean so that the animals can remain comfortable and free of disease.

12.6.4 Use clean and dry bedding only. All cages must be dry before new bedding is added.

12.6.5 Bedding should be washed and disinfected as necessary or destroyed.

12.6.6 Cat litter used with cats, kittens and sometimes rabbits must be changed as necessary. The container must be disinfected between litter changes and only clean fresh litter should be used.

12.6.7 In the control of flies and insects, if a spray is used, it must never be sprayed around uncovered food and never in the vicinity of animals.

12.7

Supervise daily feeding, watering and inspection of the animals to ensure their welfare.

12.7.1 Supervise the staff, whether working full or part-time and whether or not the are working for a fee or reward.

12.7.2 All vendors and their staff must be aware of their responsibilities towards animals and be competent to carry them out.

12.8

The vendor must ensure that when animals are in transit or are sold and leave the premises:

12.8.1 The transport cages must be small enough to avoid self-induced trauma, but big enough for the animal to turn around.

12.8.2 The transport cages are secure and safe for the animal(s) travelling in them.

12.9

Provide a continuation of care for all animals during non-trading hours.

Contact for Enquiries

Animal Welfare Group
MAF Biosecurity Authority
Ministry of Agriculture and Forestry
PO Box 2526
Wellington
New Zealand

Phone: +64 4 474 4129
Fax: +64 4 498 9888
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